Dear Sara,
I would like to read your prediction of the effects of climate change on the traditional four weather seasons.
From a lifestyle preference, it has been nice for me to know that in the summer, there will be the warmth of the ocean. In the fall, we see the shedding of the leaves and the beauty of the trees when they’re bare. In the winter, there may be snow or outdoor sports. In the spring, we see the wonderful flower gardens that people have planted – and the beauty of that can be predicted.
I ask the question because I have some suspicion that that’s going to change in some way, shape, or form. And I don’t look forward to that.
– Claude in Durham, North Carolina
Dear Claude,
Let’s begin with spring. You’re right to suspect that global warming will cause changes to this season. And one way to understand those shifts is to spend time with the music of Italian baroque composer Antonio Vivaldi.
Spring arrives early
“Spring,” from Vivaldi’s longer composition, “The Four Seasons,” is one of the most famous musical works of all time. It captures the season’s festive mood, rendering trilling birds, murmuring streams, and caressing breezes in musical notes. Here are the opening bars of the piece, heard here in an arrangement for four clarinets by Marco Mazzini.
Nearly 300 years after the composition of “Spring,” we’re still celebrating the season. But in most regions of the United States, it’s arriving earlier in the calendar year than it did in the past. Scientists have observed ice melting, cherry blossoms blooming, leaves emerging, and songbirds migrating earlier than they used to, to name just a few examples.
A season out of sync
On its own, an early spring might not be a bad thing. Farmers might even benefit from the lengthened growing season.
But for many creatures, adjusting to an earlier spring isn’t as simple as changing the date of an appointment. That’s because organisms use a few different methods to calibrate their internal calendars. Some species know that it’s spring when air temperatures grow warm, for example. But others rely on day length, which expands as winter ends, to determine when spring has sprung. So when air temperatures warm up early – but day length is unchanged from years past – species start to disagree about spring’s start date.
Those sorts of disputes can lead to mismatches. In the Netherlands, for example, scientists have found that the period of time when caterpillars are most abundant has fallen out of sync with the breeding dates of birds known as great tits. Meanwhile, Arctic plants are greening up earlier in the year, but Greenland caribou haven’t adjusted the timing of their migration, so they’re missing out on a tender, nutritious food source. If such species are unable to evolve quickly enough to keep up with ever-earlier springs, their populations may decrease over the long term. We’ll have more caterpillars and Arctic plants but fewer great tits and caribou.
The normal timing of late spring frosts may also fall out of sync. Imagine a period of unseasonably warm weather in February or March that encourages peach trees to put out their flowers. But then in April, a frost occurs, damaging the blossoms. The 2018 National Climate Assessment warns that this scenario could occur more often in the future: “By the middle of this century, early onset of spring could occur one out of every three years; however, if the date of last freeze does not change at the same rate, large-scale plant damage and agricultural losses, as well as changes to natural resource markets, are possible,” the report says.
With that in mind, let’s return to Vivaldi. In this arrangement of “Spring,” I haven’t changed a single note of what the composer wrote. But I have altered the timing of when each of the four voices makes its entrance, representing the loss of spring synchrony. I’ve also adjusted the volume of the voices. As the piece unfolds, some grow louder, and some grow softer, a subtle shift symbolizing changes in the abundance of species. Take a listen.
In this version, the melody is still recognizably “Spring,” but the effect is inarguably altered. The same can be said for the natural world. We still experience the season of spring, but listen (and look) closely, and you may notice that the old rhythms are changing.
What you can do
If you’ve seen changes in your neighborhood – maybe lilacs are blooming earlier than in the past, or robins are returning sooner – scientists want to know. Researchers can’t be present everywhere, so they rely on observations from people like you to better understand how climate change is affecting the seasons. You can learn more and get started at the USA National Phenology Network’s “Nature’s Notebook” project or at Yale Climate Connections partner ISeeChange.
– Sara
Wondering how climate change could affect you or your loved ones? Send your questions to [email protected]. Questions may be edited for length and clarity.
Explore the “Ask Sara” archive.
Editor’s note: This story was originally published on March 12, 2019, and was updated on March 28, 2023.